{"id":32,"date":"2009-05-10T15:29:40","date_gmt":"2009-05-10T13:29:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.giora-aloni.co.il\/?p=32"},"modified":"2009-06-07T13:17:07","modified_gmt":"2009-06-07T11:17:07","slug":"32","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.giora-aloni.co.il\/?p=32","title":{"rendered":"\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d5\u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc – \u05db\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8\u05ea \u05de\u05e4\u05ea\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d5\u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc – \u05db\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8\u05ea \u05de\u05e4\u05ea\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\n\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d7\u05d3\u05e9, \u05e4\u05e8\u05d5\u05e4' \u05d9\u05e2\u05e7\u05d1 \u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05df \u05d5\/\u05d0\u05df \u05dc\u05db\u05dc \u05de\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d0\u05d5\u05d6\u05df \u05d4\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d5 – \u05dc\u05d4\u05e7\u05dc \u05e2\u05dc \u05e2\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05d9\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05d5\u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d1\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05e1\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd.\u00a0\u00a0 \u05d5\u05db\u05df-
\n\u05ea\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05de\u05e6\u05d1\u00a0\u05d1\u05d0\u05e0\u05d2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4\u00a0\u00a0\u05d5\u05d1\u05d0\u05e8\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05e1\u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e0\u05e9\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d5\u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc-\u05db\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8\u05ea \u05de\u05e4\u05ea\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>\n

\u05d0. \u05de\u05d1\u05d5\u05d0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span>\u05d1\u05d0\u05ea\u05e8 <\/span>Ynet<\/span> \u05de\u05e6\u05d0\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e6\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05d8 \u05de\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9 \u05e2\u05d5"\u05d3 \u05e9\u05dc\u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d7\u05e8, \u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05e1 \u05d4\u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e8\u05e9\u05de\u05d9:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

"<\/span>\u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05de\u05d9 \u05de\u05db\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05e8\u05e7 \u05d1\u05de\u05d2\u05d6\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d9\u05e0\u05e0\u05e1\u05d9 \u05d5\u05d4\u05e2\u05e1\u05e7\u05d9, \u05d0\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d2\u05dd \u05d1\u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e4\u05e8\u05d8\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05e0\u05e7\u05dc\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05e6\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05dd \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05d2\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e2\u05de\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d1\u05d4\u05dd: \u05d1\u05be2008 \u05e0\u05e8\u05e9\u05dd \u05d6\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d3\u05e8\u05de\u05d8\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d4\u05d9\u05e7\u05e3 \u05d4\u05d1\u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d6\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e4\u05e8\u05d8\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd,<\/span> \u05d5\u05d1\u05d4\u05d9\u05e7\u05e3 \u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9 \u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e2\u05e7\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd. \u05d1\u05de\u05e7\u05d1\u05d9\u05dc \u05e0\u05e8\u05e9\u05de\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4 \u05de\u05ea\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d4\u05d9\u05e7\u05e3 \u05d4\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d1\u05de\u05ea\u05df \u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9 \u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05dc\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9 \u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05e1 \u05d4\u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e8\u05e9\u05de\u05d9 (\u05d4\u05db\u05e0"\u05e8), \u05e2\u05d5"\u05d3 \u05e9\u05dc\u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d7\u05e8, \u05d4\u05e0\u05ea\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05dd \u05de\u05e9\u05e7\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05e4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05e9\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05d1\u05e8, \u05e9\u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5. "\u05dc\u05e6\u05e2\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1, \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e0\u05ea\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d9\u05e9 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05de\u05e6\u05d1 \u05d1\u05be2009 \u05d9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05e8\u05e2 \u05de\u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d0\u05e0\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e8\u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd", \u05d0\u05de\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d7\u05e8.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d1\u05e1\u05da \u05d4\u05db\u05dc \u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05de\u05d4\u05dc\u05da \u05d4\u05e9\u05e0\u05d4 1,683 \u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9 \u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc, \u05dc\u05e2\u05d5\u05de\u05ea 1,202 \u05d1\u05e9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05de\u05ea \u05d5\u05be957 \u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05dd<\/span><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u05d1\u05be<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>2006<\/span><\/span>. \u05e6\u05d5 \u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05d4\u05e9\u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc, \u05e9\u05d1\u05e2\u05e7\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5 \u05de\u05d5\u05d8\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1 – \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05d9\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05e9 \u05d1\u05db\u05e8\u05d8\u05d9\u05e1 \u05d0\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05d9, \u05d0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e4\u05ea\u05d9\u05d7\u05ea \u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05e0\u05e7 \u05d5\u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05db\u05ea \u05e6'\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d5\u05db\u05df \u05d0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e7\u05de\u05ea \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4".<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d1\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4, \u05dc\u05e6\u05e2\u05e8\u05e0\u05d5, \u05d6\u05d4 \u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05d4, \u05d4\u05e8\u05d1\u05d4 \u05de\u05d0\u05d3 \u05d5\u05d0\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05e0\u05ea\u05e7\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05dc\u05d0 \u05de\u05e2\u05d8 \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d6\u05d5.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d1. \u05de\u05d8\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8 \u00a0<\/span>\u05d4\u05e1\u05e7\u05e8\u05df, \u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0 \u05d4\u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05df \u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05d3\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d6\u05d4, \u05d9\u05e9\u05d0\u05dc \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d5 \u05d1\u05ea\u05de\u05d9\u05d4\u05d4 \u2013 \u05de\u05d4<\/span> <\/span>\u05dc\u05ea\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e2\u05d2\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05e6\u05d1 \u05e2\u05dd \u05de\u05d3\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8, \u05e9\u05d1\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd \u05de\u05e7\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05e0\u05d5 \u05de\u05d3\u05d5\u05e8 \u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea<\/span><\/span>, \u05d5\u05d6\u05d4 \u05e2\u05d9\u05e7\u05e8 \u05de\u05d8\u05e8\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8<\/span>, \u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05db\u05d9\u05e6\u05d3 \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05d1, \u05d0\u05dd \u05d1\u05db\u05dc\u05dc, \u05db\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc \u05d3\u05d9\u05df, \u05de\u05d2\u05d5\u05e9\u05e8, \u05de\u05e6\u05d9\u05d2 \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d5,\u00a0 <\/span>\u05d1\u05e9\u05dc\u05d1 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d9\u05db\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea, \u05db\u05de\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05db\u05e8\u05d6 \u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05d0\u05d5 \u05db\u05de\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0 \u05e0\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5 \u05e6\u05d5 \u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd<\/span><\/strong>. \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05dd \u05e0\u05d5\u05d3\u05e2 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05dc\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d1\u05de\u05d4\u05dc\u05da \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8? \u05de\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d6?<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05e9\u05dc\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05ea<\/span><\/span>, \u05e2\u05dd \u05d0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05e3 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05de\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05db\u05d9 \u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05d5\u05ea\u05d5\u05da \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d7\u05e7\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d5\u05e0\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d6\u05e8\u05d4, \u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e7\u05e8, \u05de\u05df \u05d4\u05e1\u05ea\u05dd, \u00a0<\/span>\u05d1\u05d6\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05e8\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea, (\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d0\u05e0\u05d5 \u05de\u05e4\u05d2\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05db-15 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e9\u05d8\u05d7 \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8), \u05e6\u05d9\u05e4\u05ea\u05d4 \u05dc\u05db\u05d5\u05ea\u05d1 \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e4\u05ea\u05e2\u05d4. \u05d4\u05e4\u05ea\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea \u05dc\u05d0 \u05ea\u05e9\u05de\u05e8 \u05d1\u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05ea, \u05d5\u05d0\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e0\u05d7\u05dc\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dd \u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0 \u05d4\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05df, \u05e9\u05d9\u05d7\u05d6\u05d9\u05e7 \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3 \u05d5\u05d9\u05e7\u05e8\u05d0 \u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05e2\u05d3 \u05dc\u05e1\u05d5\u05e4\u05d5.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d2.\u05d2\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d0<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u05e0\u05e7\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05e8, \u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d6\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d5\u05dd \u05db\u05d5\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0 \u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05e1 \u05de\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8\u05d6 \u05d1\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc, \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05dd. \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 \u05d9\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9\u05dc \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05df \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05d0\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05e8\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc, \u05d1\u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1 \u05dc\u05de\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d1\u05d7\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e1\u05d3\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d4\u05ea\u05d0\u05dd \u05dc\u05e4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05ea \u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05dc (\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05d7 \u05d7\u05d3\u05e9), \u05d4\u05ea\u05e9"\u05dd-1980 (\u05dc\u05d4\u05dc\u05df<\/span>:"<\/span>\u05d4\u05e4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4<\/span><\/strong>"<\/span>), \u05dc\u05d4\u05d1\u05d3\u05d9\u05dc \u05de\u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05e9\u05d1\u05d7\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d9\u05d7\u05d5\u05d3 \u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d4\u05ea\u05d0\u05dd <\/span>\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e4\u05d5\u05e2\u05dc, \u05ea\u05e9\u05db"\u05d6-1967.\u00a0 <\/span>\u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 \u05de\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05d5\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d1\u05d0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05ea, \u05db\u05d2\u05d5\u05df \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4 \u05de\u05d5\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc\u05ea \u05d1\u05de\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea, \u05e9\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4 \u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05d3\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d4\u05ea\u05e9\u05e0"\u05d8-1999.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d5\u05dc\u05d1\u05e1\u05d5\u05e3 \u05e0\u05d3\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9 \u05e9\u05d4\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05e9\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05de\u05d6\u05d5\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8, \u05d0\u05dd \u05db\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05de\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1 \u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dd \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df- \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05d5\u05e9\u05e8.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d3. \u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e6\u05d1 \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u05d9\u05ea\u05d0\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0 \u05dc\u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d5, \u05e9\u05d1\u05de\u05d4\u05dc\u05da \u05e9\u05dc\u05d1 \u05d4\u05e4\u05ea\u05d9\u05d7\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d4\u05d4\u05d9\u05db\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dd \u05d4\u05e6\u05d3\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05e9\u05dc\u05d1 \u05de\u05d0\u05d5\u05d7\u05e8 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d1\u05de\u05d4\u05dc\u05da \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8, \u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05de\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05e2 \u05e9\u05dc\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9 \u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc\u05ea \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05de\u05d4\u05dc\u05db\u05d5, \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d2\u05e9\u05d4 \u05e0\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e7\u05e9\u05d4\u00a0 <\/span>\u05dc\u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d5\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d6\u05ea\u05d5 \u05db\u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc.\u00a0 <\/span>\u05d9\u05e9 \u05d2\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05e0\u05d9\u05d7 \u05e9\u05d1\u05de\u05e1\u05d2\u05e8\u05ea \u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4\u00a0 <\/span>\u05db\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d7\u05dc\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05de\u05d4 \u05d9\u05e2\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d6? \u05d4\u05d0\u05dd \u05d9\u05e9 \u05d1\u05db\u05dc\u05dc \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05db\u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05e0\u05d2\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d4\u05e0\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5, \u05db\u05d0\u05de\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc \u05d5\u05dc\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05df, \u05e9\u05e2\u05dd \u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05ea \u00a0<\/span>\u05e6\u05d5 \u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05d4\u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05dc\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d6\u05ea\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e4\u05d5\u05e2\u05dc \u05db\u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc, \u05d4\u05d8\u05d9\u05dc \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d4\u05de"\u05e9 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc, \u05db\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d3\u05e8\u05da \u05db\u05dc\u05dc, \u05d0\u05dd \u05db\u05d9 \u05d1\u05db\u05e4\u05d5\u05e3 \u05dc\u05e9\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05dc \u05d4\u05d3\u05e2\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 <\/span>18\u05d1.<\/span>\u05dc\u05e4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e7\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05ea\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05de\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1<\/span><\/span> \u05d1\u05ea\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05dc<\/span><\/span> [\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05df: \u05ea\u05e9\u05e0"\u05d5]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05e8\u05e9\u05d0\u05d9, \u05dc\u05d1\u05e7\u05e9\u05ea \u05d4\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05e1 \u05d4\u05e8\u05e9\u05de\u05d9, \u05dc\u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05df \u05dc\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9\u05d5 \u05e6\u05d5 \u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1, \u05e6\u05d5 \u05d6\u05de\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e6\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d5\u05d8\u05e8\u05dd \u05d4\u05d5\u05db\u05e8\u05d6 \u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc<\/span><\/strong>, \u05dc\u05e9\u05dc\u05dd \u05dc\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05e1 \u05d4\u05e8\u05e9\u05de\u05d9 \u05ea\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05d0\u05de\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 111; \u05db\u05df \u05e8\u05e9\u05d0\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05dc\u05e7\u05d1\u05d5\u05e2, \u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05e9\u05e0\u05ea\u05df \u05dc\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1 \u05d4\u05d6\u05d3\u05de\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d8\u05e2\u05d5\u05df \u05d8\u05e2\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9\u05d5, \u05db\u05d9 \u05d9\u05d7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5 \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e7\u05d1\u05d5\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 42\u05d0, \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05df \u05d0\u05d5 \u05de\u05e7\u05e6\u05ea\u05df<\/span><\/strong><\/span>"<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05e8, \u05db\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e9\u05dc\u05d1 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05ea \u05e6\u05d5 \u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05d4\u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05dc\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05db\u05e8\u05d6 \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05db\u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc, \u05d1\u05de\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d4\u05de"\u05e9 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea. \u05d4\u05e7\u05d1\u05d5\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1 \u05e1\u05e2' 42\u05d0<\/span> <\/span>\u05d4\u05e0"\u05dc.<\/span> <\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u05d1\u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05db\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 \u05e0\u05e1\u05ea\u05e4\u05e7 \u05d1\u05ea\u05de\u05e6\u05d9\u05ea-<\/span> \u05d4\u05d4\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea <\/span><\/span><\/strong>\u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d5<\/span><\/span><\/strong>:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u05dc\u05e7\u05d5\u05d7 \u05de\u05d5\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc – \u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e7\u05d5\u05d7 \u05de\u05d5\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc, \u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d9\u05d5\u05db\u05dc \u05dc\u05e4\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05e0\u05e7 \u05d5\u05dc\u05de\u05e9\u05d5\u05e3 \u05e9\u05d9\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd<\/span><\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>2. \u05e9<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05e9 \u05d1\u05db\u05e8\u05d8\u05d9\u05e1\u05d9 \u05d0\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05d9 – \u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e8\u05e9\u05d0\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e9\u05ea\u05de\u05e9 \u05d1\u05db\u05e8\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05e1\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d5\u05d1<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n<\/span>\u00a0<\/span>3. <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u05d0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d9\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d3 \u05ea<\/span><\/span>\u05d0\u05d2<\/span><\/span>\u05d9\u05d3 – \u05dc\u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05d0\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e4\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4, \u05e2\u05de\u05d5\u05ea\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05db\u05dc \u05ea<\/span><\/span>\u05d0\u05d2<\/span><\/span>\u05d9\u05d3<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>
\n\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d0\u05e3 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e3 \u05d1\u05ea<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u05d0\u05d2<\/span><\/span>\u05d9\u05d3 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d3\u05d9\u05e8\u05e7\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8, \u05de\u05e0\u05db"\u05dc<\/span><\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e0"\u05dc, \u05e9\u05d1\u05d0\u05de\u05d5\u05e8 \u05de\u05d5\u05d8\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e8\u05d2\u05d9\u05dc \u05db\u05d1\u05e8 \u05de\u05e2\u05ea \u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05ea \u05e6\u05d5 \u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05df, \u05db\u05e9\u05dc\u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05df, \u05de\u05d2\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d0\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05e6\u05d1\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05de\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea. \u05d9\u05e9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05e9\u05e2\u05dd \u05de\u05ea\u05df \u05e6\u05d5 \u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05d4\u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d5\u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05de\u05db\u05df \u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d6\u05ea\u05d5 \u05db\u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc, \u05d4\u05e4\u05e8\u05d8, \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea, \u05de\u05e7\u05d1\u05dc\u05ea \u05e1\u05d8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1 \u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d7\u05dc\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05df, \u05d5\u05e2\u05d3 \u05dc\u05de\u05ea\u05df \u05d4\u05d4\u05e4\u05d8\u05e8 \u05de\u05d1\u05d9\u05d4\u05de"\u05e9 \u05de\u05e1\u05d8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1 \u05d6\u05d4, \u05de\u05d4\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea, \u05d6\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d0\u05d9\u05ea \u05d5\u05e9\u05dc\u05de\u05d4 .<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05db\u05dc\u05db\u05dc\u05d9 \u05e2\u05e1\u05e7\u05d9 \u05de\u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8 "\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05d3\u05df" \u05e0\u05db\u05ea\u05d1 \u05ea\u05d7\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05da:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

"<\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd<\/span><\/a> <\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05e1\u05d8\u05d0\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1<\/span><\/span><\/strong>, \u05e9\u05de\u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc \u05dc\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d6\u05ea \u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc, \u05d5\u05e0\u05de\u05e9\u05da \u05dc\u05db\u05dc \u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05db\u05d4. \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea-\u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05d6\u05d9, \u05dc\u05d1\u05e7\u05e9\u05ea \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d1\u05e7\u05e9\u05ea \u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d4, \u05e0\u05d5\u05ea\u05df \u05e6\u05d5 \u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05d8\u05e8\u05dd \u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d9\u05d6\u05d5 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1 \u05db\u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc. \u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0, \u05e9\u05db\u05dc \u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5, \u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d5\u05e8\u05db\u05d5\u05e9\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1, \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8, \u05d1\u05d4\u05d5\u05d5\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05ea\u05d9\u05d3, \u05e0\u05ea\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05e1 \u05d4\u05e8\u05e9\u05de\u05d9". <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05e0\u05d3\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9, \u05e9\u05e1\u05d8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1 \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 <\/span>\u05de\u05d0\u05e4\u05d9\u05d9\u05df (\u05d0\u05d5 \u05ea\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4), \u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05e9 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05e0\u05e2\u05e8 <\/span>\u05de\u05de\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5 \u05e2"\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d9\u05d6\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d0\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc\u05d5. \u05dc\u05d4\u05d1\u05d3\u05d9\u05dc, \u05d6\u05d4 \u05db\u05de\u05d5 \u05e1\u05d8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1 \u05e9\u05dc "\u05e0\u05e9\u05d5\u05d9", "\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05df", "\u05d1\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9 \u05db\u05e9\u05d9\u05e8" \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d1\u05d3\u05d9\u05dc, \u05e1\u05d8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1 \u05e9\u05dc "\u05e2\u05d5\u05d1\u05d3".<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05e8, \u05dc\u05d3\u05d5\u05d2\u05de\u05d0, \u05de\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d2\u05d3\u05e8, \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 (\u05d0\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05de\u05e2\u05e9\u05d4, \u05d1\u05d3\u05d9\u05e2\u05d1\u05d3) \u05db\u05e2\u05d5\u05d1\u05d3 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 , \u05d4\u05e8\u05d9 \u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d4\u05d9\u05ea\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d5 \u05e2\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05e9\u05e1\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8\u05ea \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3\u05d5 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05db\u05e2\u05d5\u05d1\u05d3 – \u00a0<\/span>\u05d1\u05e4\u05d5\u05e2\u05dc, \u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05ea\u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05ea \u05e2\u05d5\u05d3. \u05db\u05dc \u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d7\u05ea\u05dd, \u05e1\u05d5\u05db\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1 \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d5\u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d7\u05d3, \u05de\u05d4\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea, \u05e2\u05dd \u05e1\u05d8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1 \u05d6\u05d4,\u00a0 <\/span>\u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05db\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4.\u00a0 <\/span>\u05db\u05dc \u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd,\u00a0 <\/span>\u05d1\u05e4\u05e8\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d6\u05de\u05df \u05d4\u05e8\u05dc\u05d1\u05e0\u05d8\u05d9, \u05d9\u05d5\u05db\u05e8\u05e2\u05d5 \u05d0\u05da \u05d5\u05e8\u05e7 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05e1\u05d8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1 \u05d6\u05d4.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d1\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 \u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05d2\u05e8 \u05e0\u05e2\u05d9\u05e8, \u05e9\u05d4\u05e1\u05d8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1 \u05e9\u05dc "\u05e0\u05e9\u05d5\u05d9", "\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05df", "\u05d1\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9 \u05db\u05e9\u05d9\u05e8" \u05d5"\u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc" \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d0\u05de\u05e0\u05dd \u05e1\u05d8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1 \u05db\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9 \u05e2\u05dc\u05de\u05d0, \u05d0\u05da \u05d1\u05e7\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05e8\u05d5\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05e1\u05d8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05d9\u05e2\u05dc\u05dd, \u05dc\u05e2\u05d5\u05de\u05ea\u05d5 \u05d4\u05e1\u05d8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e2\u05d5\u05d1\u05d3, \u05d0\u05de\u05e0\u05dd \u05de\u05d5\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc \u05e8\u05e7 \u05dc\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05d1\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05d1\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5, \u05d1\u05e4\u05e8\u05e7 \u05d6\u05de\u05df \u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e9\u05e4\u05e2 \u05de\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4,\u00a0 <\/span>\u05d0\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd \u05e4\u05e2\u05dd \u05d4\u05e1\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05ea\u05d0\u05d9\u05de\u05d4 \u05e7\u05d1\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05e7\u05d9\u05d5\u05de\u05d5, \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d9\u05e9\u05ea\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d4. \u05e1\u05d8\u05d8\u05d5\u05e1 \u05d5\u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05de\u05e0\u05d5<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u05d1\u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05df, \u05db\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05df, \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05de\u05e2\u05de\u05d3\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc \u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05d1\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05de\u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0 \u05e0\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5 (\u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05d6\u05de\u05ea\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d5\u05d6\u05de\u05ea \u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d9\u05d5) \u05e6\u05d5 \u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05de\u05d1\u05d3\u05d9\u05dc \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05de\u05e6\u05d1 \u05d1\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05d4\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05ea\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2 \u05d6\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e0\u05ea\u05d1\u05e2 \u05e2"\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05e9\u05d9 \u05db\u05d0\u05df \u05d8\u05de\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05db\u05da \u05e9\u05d4\u05d4\u05d2\u05d3\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc "\u05ea\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2" \u05d5"\u05e0\u05ea\u05d1\u05e2" \u05d6\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d7\u05dc\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8. \u00a0<\/span>\u05e1\u05e2' 79 \u05d2 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d1\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 [\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05d7 \u05de\u05e9\u05d5\u05dc\u05d1], \u05d4\u05ea\u05e9\u05de"\u05d3 \u2013 1984 \u05d5<\/span><\/span>– \u05ea\u05e7\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 (\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8), \u05d4\u05ea\u05e9\u05e0"\u05d2 \u2013 1993, \u05de\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc \u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05d1\u05dc\u05d1\u05d3. \u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05ea\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2, \u05de\u05d1\u05e7\u05e9 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05e2\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05e0\u05ea\u05d1\u05e2 \u05d5\u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1. \u05d4\u05e2\u05d9\u05e7\u05e8\u05d5\u05df \u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0, \u05e9\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e1\u05db\u05e1\u05d5\u05da \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd, \u05e9\u05de\u05e1\u05db\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd, \u05d1\u05e2\u05d6\u05e8\u05ea\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e3, \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8, \u05de\u05e9\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d5\u05de\u05ea\u05df \u05de\u05e9\u05ea\u05e3 \u05d1\u05de\u05d8\u05e8\u05d4 \u05dc\u05de\u05e6\u05d5\u05d0 \u05e4\u05ea\u05e8\u05d5\u05df \u05dc\u05e1\u05db\u05e1\u05d5\u05da. \u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05ea\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2 \u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05e0\u05ea\u05d1\u05e2.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1. \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc \u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05db"\u05ea\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2".<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05dc\u05de\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea, \u05d5\u05d1\u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e1\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05d0\u05e6\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e0\u05e7\u05dc\u05e2 \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8 \u05db\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e9\u05ea\u05d9\u05d0\u05e8\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc,\u00a0 <\/span>\u05e0\u05e2\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d2\u05dd \u05d0\u05e0\u05d5 \u05db\u05d0\u05df \u05d4\u05d1\u05d7\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d5 \u05d5\u05e0\u05e7\u05e8\u05d0 \u05dc\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df, \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05d5\u05e9\u05e8,\u00a0 <\/span>\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05e8\u05d9\u05d1\u05d5, (\u05d8\u05e2\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05e1\u05d5\u05da), "\u05ea\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2", \u05d5\u05d1\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d7 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05d9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d4, \u05dc\u05e6\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05db\u05d0\u05df, \u05d4"\u05e0\u05ea\u05d1\u05e2".<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d5\u05de\u05db\u05d0\u05df \u05e0\u05d7\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05de\u05de\u05dc\u05db\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df, \u05db\u05d0\u05de\u05d5\u05e8, \u05de\u05e8\u05d2\u05e2 \u05de\u05ea\u05df \u05e6\u05d5 \u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05d4\u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd, \u05db\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e9\u05db\u05d1\u05e8 \u05e0\u05d5\u05db\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5, \u05d0\u05e4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05dc\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d6\u05ea\u05d5 \u05db\u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc, \u05e7\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05ea \u05e4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05ea \u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05d1\u05e1\u05e2' 107, \u05dc\u05d0\u05de\u05d5\u05e8:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

"<\/span>107. \u05ea\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea [4)47)]\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9 \u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05ea\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d9\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05df \u05db\u05d0\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d5\u05de\u05d7\u05d5 \u05db\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05df<\/span><\/span>"<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05e8, \u05d0\u05dd \u05d9\u05e9 \u05dc\u05de\u05d2\u05d5\u05e9\u05e8 (\u05d4"\u05ea\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2" \u05dc\u05e6\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05db\u05d0\u05df), \u05e9\u05db\u05e0\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0 \u05e6\u05d5 \u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05db\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d5\u05db\u05e8\u05d6 \u05db\u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc, \u05ea\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \u05e9\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e1\u05db\u05e1\u05d5\u05da, \u05e9\u05d1\u05d2\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e2 \u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e1\u05d3\u05e8 \u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8, \u05d4\u05e8\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d4\u05ea\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d5\u05d1\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d7 \u05d2\u05dd \u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05e1\u05d5\u05da \u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05ea\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d5<\/span>. \u00a0<\/span>\u05e9\u05db\u05df \u05ea\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d6\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d5\u05de\u05d7\u05ea\u05d4 (\u05d4\u05d5\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05d4) \u05dc\u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05df, \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05db\u05e0\u05e1 \u05d5\u05dc\u05e0\u05d4\u05dc \u05d0\u05ea \u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9\u00a0 <\/span>\u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1. \u05de\u05d5\u05d1\u05df \u05e9\u05d2\u05dd \u05db\u05dc \u05e1\u05db\u05d5\u05dd \u05db\u05e1\u05e3 \u05d0\u05dd \u05d9\u05e6\u05de\u05d7 \u05dc\u05de\u05d2\u05d5\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05e1\u05d3\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d9\u05d5\u05e9\u05d2, \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05da \u05dc\u05d5 \u05d0\u05dc\u05d0 \u05dc\u05e7\u05d5\u05e4\u05ea \u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05dc.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d5\u05de\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05df \u05dc\u05e2\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d4 \u05ea\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \/ \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d5 \u05e1\u05db\u05e1\u05d5\u05da?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05e1\u05e2' 125 \u05dc\u05e4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05e7\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2 \u05d1\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05d6\u05d4:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

"<\/span><\/span><\/span>125<\/span>. \u05e1\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d4\u05e4\u05e2\u05dc\u05ea\u05df \u05d8\u05e2\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05de\u05d4<\/span><\/span><\/span> [53]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(\u05d0) \u05d1\u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05de\u05ea \u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05ea \u05d4\u05d1\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea, \u05d5\u05d1\u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05ea \u05d1\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea – \u05d1\u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05de\u05ea \u05d4\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05e1 \u05d4\u05e8\u05e9\u05de\u05d9, \u05e8\u05e9\u05d0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05df –<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(1) <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(2) \u05dc\u05e4\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05d2\u05e2 \u05dc\u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9 \u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05d5\u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05d2\u05d5\u05e0\u05df \u05d1\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05db\u05d0\u05de\u05d5\u05e8;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(3) \u05dc\u05d4\u05e2\u05e1\u05d9\u05e7 \u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e0\u05e7\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05ea \u05e2\u05e1\u05e7 \u05e9\u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05ea \u05d4\u05d1\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05e1 \u05d4\u05e8\u05e9\u05de\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05d9\u05de\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d4\u05dd;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(4) <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(5) <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(6) \u05dc\u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e1\u05db\u05e1\u05d5\u05da \u05dc\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea, \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea, \u05ea\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d7\u05d1\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea – \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05e9\u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e2 \u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05df \u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05e9\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e2, \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d5\u05d3\u05d0\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05de\u05d5\u05ea\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05e7\u05e6\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05df \u05e7\u05e6\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05e9\u05d7\u05d1 \u05db\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9\u05d5 – \u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea \u05e1\u05db\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05db\u05ea\u05e0\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd, \u05dc\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e4\u05e8\u05e2\u05d5\u05df, \u05db\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d9\u05d5\u05e1\u05db\u05dd;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(7) \u05dc\u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e2 \u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05e1\u05d3\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8, \u05db\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc, \u05dc\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e0\u05d9 \u05ea\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05dc, \u05e2\u05dd \u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e2\u05dd \u05de\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d8\u05d5\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d4\u05dd \u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(8) \u05dc\u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e2 \u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05e1\u05d3\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8, \u05db\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05de\u05d5\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc, \u05dc\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9 \u05ea\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05ea \u05de\u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9 \u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d5\u05db\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d4\u05dd, \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d2\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d4 \u05de\u05d8\u05e2\u05dd \u05db\u05dc \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd \u05e0\u05d2\u05d3 \u05d4\u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05df \u05d0\u05d5 \u05de\u05d8\u05e2\u05dd \u05d4\u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05df \u05e0\u05d2\u05d3 \u05db\u05dc \u05d0\u05d3\u05dd;<\/span>".<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d5\u05d0\u05e0\u05d5 \u05de\u05e2\u05d9\u05d6\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05ea\u05d5\u05da \u05e1\u05e2' 125 (\u05d0) (6) \u05d4\u05e0"\u05dc\u00a0 <\/span>"\u05dc\u05de\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e1\u05db\u05e1\u05d5\u05da \u05dc\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8….<\/span><\/strong>" \u05d5\u05dc\u05ea\u05d5\u05da \u05e1\u05e2' 125 (\u05d0) (7) \u05d5- (8) " \u05dc\u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e2 \u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05e1\u05d3\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d4\u05e1\u05d3\u05e8 \u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d1\u05db\u05dc\u05dc \u05d6\u05d4……"<\/span><\/strong> .<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05dc\u05d0 \u05e9\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05e2 \u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d0\u05d9 \u05e4\u05e2\u05dd \u05e0\u05e0\u05e7\u05d8 \u05e6\u05e2\u05d3 \u05db\u05d6\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d0\u05e8\u05e5 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05df \u05db\u05dc\u05e9\u05d4\u05d5. \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d8\u05e6\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05ea \u05d0\u05e6\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05df \u05d0\u05e4\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d3\u05de\u05d9\u05d9\u05df \u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05df, \u05e9\u05db\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d9\u05df "\u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9" \u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05ea\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea ( \u05e1\u05e2' 107 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc), \u05d9\u05e4\u05e0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d5\u05e2\u05d3\u05ea \u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05e1 \u05d4\u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e8\u05e9\u05d9\u05de\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d1\u05e7\u05e9\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e4\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d1\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9 \u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05df \u05ea\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d9\u05d6\u05d4 \u05de\u05d4\u05df. \u05dc\u05e4\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05d3 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7, \u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df \u05e9\u05ea\u05d9\u05d0\u05e8\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc \u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05db"\u05e0\u05ea\u05d1\u05e2"<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u05d5\u05db\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8\u00a0 <\/span>\u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05d5\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e9\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5, \u05e9\u05db\u05e0\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0 \u05e6\u05d5 \u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05db\u05e8\u05d6 \u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc, \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d1\u05d1\u05d7\u05d9\u05e0\u05ea \u05d4"\u05e0\u05ea\u05d1\u05e2" \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1 \u05d1\u05e9\u05e4\u05ea \u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05d7\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9\u05d9\u05ea, \u05e7\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05ea \u05d4\u05e4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e1\u05e2' 18 \u05d1' \u05d4\u05d9\u05de\u05e0\u05d4, \u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5 \u05db\u05d1\u05e8 \u05e0\u05d6\u05e7\u05e7\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

"<\/span>18\u05d1. \u05ea\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05dd \u05d5\u05de\u05d2\u05d1\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1 <\/span>[\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05df: \u05ea\u05e9\u05e0"\u05d5]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05e8\u05e9\u05d0\u05d9, \u05dc\u05d1\u05e7\u05e9\u05ea \u05d4\u05db\u05d5\u05e0\u05e1 \u05d4\u05e8\u05e9\u05de\u05d9, \u05dc\u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05df \u05dc\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9\u05d5 \u05e6\u05d5 \u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1, \u05e6\u05d5 \u05d6\u05de\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e6\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd,<\/span><\/strong> \u05d5\u05d8\u05e8\u05dd \u05d4\u05d5\u05db\u05e8\u05d6 \u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc<\/span>…."<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d5\u05db\u05e0"\u05dc \u05d1\u05e1\u05e2' 190:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

"<\/span>190. \u05e2\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd<\/span> [99]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05e8\u05e9\u05d0\u05d9 \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05e2\u05ea, \u05de\u05e1\u05d9\u05d1\u05d4 \u05de\u05e1\u05e4\u05e7\u05ea, \u05dc\u05e6\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dc \u05e2\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd<\/span>, \u05dc\u05d7\u05dc\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d6\u05de\u05df \u05e7\u05e6\u05d5\u05d1, \u05d1\u05ea\u05e0\u05d0\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05e6\u05d5\u05d3\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd<\/span>"<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05e2\u05dd \u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05ea \u05e6\u05d5 \u05e2\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d4\u05ea\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05df \u05de\u05e8\u05d7\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05db\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d1\u05e1\u05e2' <\/span>22<\/span> \u05e0\u05e7\u05d1\u05e2: "<\/span>\u05e2\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd [10] [\u05ea\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05df: \u05ea\u05e9\u05e0"\u05d5]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(\u05d0) \u05de\u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d2\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d1\u05e7\u05e9\u05d4 \u05e8\u05e9\u05d0\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05dc\u05e2\u05db\u05d1 \u05db\u05dc \u05ea\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05e0\u05d4, \u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e4\u05d5\u05e2\u05dc \u05d5\u05d0\u05de\u05e6\u05e2\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05e0\u05d2\u05d3 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1<\/span>…".<\/span>\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05d0 \u05e9<\/span>\u05de\u05e8\u05d2\u05e2 \u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05d4\u05de"\u05e9 \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05d6\u05d9 \u05e0\u05d5\u05ea\u05df \u05e6\u05d5 \u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05dc\u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1, \u05d0\u05e1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1<\/span><\/span><\/span>, \u05d5\u05d1\u05db\u05dc\u05dc \u05d6\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05e8\u05e7 \u05d0\u05e0\u05e9\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d7\u05d1 \u05dc\u05d4\u05dd \u05db\u05e1\u05e4\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d0\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d2\u05dd \u05d1\u05e0\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd, \u05de\u05e1 \u05d4\u05db\u05e0\u05e1\u05d4, \u05e2\u05d9\u05e8\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4, \u05dc\u05e4\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05da \u05e0\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5<\/span><\/span>, \u05d1\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05d2\u05e2 \u05dc\u05d7\u05d5\u05d1 \u05db\u05e1\u05e4\u05d9, \u05d0\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d1\u05e8\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05d6\u05d9<\/span><\/span> (\u05d1\u05d9\u05d4\u05de"\u05e9 \u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d2\u05e9\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d1\u05e7\u05e9\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e6\u05d5 \u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05d5\u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc). <\/span><\/span>\u05e0\u05d7\u05d6\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d5\u05e0\u05d3\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9:<\/span> \u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05de\u05ea\u05df \u05e6\u05d5 \u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9 \u05ea\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e4\u05ea\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d1\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e4\u05d5\u05e2\u05dc \u05db\u05e0\u05d2\u05d3 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1. \u05db\u05de\u05d5 \u05db\u05df \u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05e4\u05e2\u05d5\u05dc \u05db\u05e0\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5 \u05d1\u05de\u05e1\u05d2\u05e8\u05ea \u05ea\u05d9\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e4\u05d5\u05e2\u05dc \u05e9\u05db\u05d1\u05e8 \u05e0\u05e4\u05ea\u05d7 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05d3 \u05ea\u05e9\u05d0\u05dc \u05d4\u05e9\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 "\u05e2\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd" \u2013 \u05d4\u05d0\u05dd \u05d2\u05dd \u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9 \u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05de\u05e2?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05de\u05e6\u05d3 \u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05e7\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea<\/span>\u00a0 <\/span>\u05ea\u05e7\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e1\u05d3\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05d0\u05d6\u05e8\u05d7\u05d9, \u05ea\u05e9\u05de"\u05d3-1984<\/span><\/strong>:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

"\u05e4\u05e8\u05e7 \u05d0': \u05e4\u05e8\u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05dc\u05d4<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/a>1.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u05d1\u05ea\u05e7\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 – <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

"\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da" \u2014 \u05d1\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e8 \u05ea\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8, \u05de\u05e2\u05ea \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d2\u05e9\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8;".<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05dc\u05db\u05d0\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4, \u05de\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d1\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d0\u05d9\u05df<\/span><\/strong> \u05d0\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e2\u05d5\u05e1\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8\u05d5\u05e8 "\u05ea\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8"<\/span><\/strong>, \u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05de\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05d0\u05de\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d9\u05dc \u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d7\u05dc \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05d2\u05e2 \u05dc\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d5\u05e6\u05d5 \u05e2\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05d1\u05d5 \u05d1\u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05dc\u05e2\u05db\u05d1 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9 \u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d3\u05d0 \u05e2\u05e7\u05d4 \u05e9\u05db\u05d0\u05df \u05d1\u05d0 \u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d7\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05e0\u05e2\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 <\/span>\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d1\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 [\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05d7 \u05de\u05e9\u05d5\u05dc\u05d1], \u05ea\u05e9\u05de"\u05d3-,1984 <\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d5\u05d1\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 79 \u05d2 \u05d4\u05d9\u05de\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e0\u05e7\u05d1\u05e2 \u05d1\u05d5 \u05de\u05e4\u05d5\u05e8\u05e9\u05d5\u05ea:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

"<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>79<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u05d2.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>(<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span>*<\/span><\/span><\/a>*<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u05d0)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u05d1\u05e1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e3 \u05d6\u05d4, "\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8" <\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span> \u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05e9\u05d1\u05d5 \u05e0\u05d5\u05e2\u05d3 \u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e2\u05dd \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df, \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d1\u05d9\u05d0\u05dd \u05dc\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05e1\u05d5\u05da, \u05de\u05d1\u05dc\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d9\u05e9 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5 \u05e1\u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d9\u05e2 \u05d1\u05d5.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>"\u05d4\u05e1\u05d3\u05e8 \u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8" <\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span> \u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05e1\u05db\u05e1\u05d5\u05da \u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d2 \u05d1\u05e1\u05d9\u05d5\u05de\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8<\/span>;<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>"\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8" <\/span><\/strong><\/span>\u2014<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span> \u05de\u05d9 \u05e9\u05ea\u05e4\u05e7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e1\u05d9\u05d9\u05e2 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e2 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05e1\u05db\u05e1\u05d5\u05da \u05e9\u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05d1\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8<\/span> \u05d1\u05d3\u05e8\u05da \u05e9\u05dc \u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05dc \u05de\u05e9\u05d0 \u05d5\u05de\u05ea\u05df \u05d7\u05d5\u05e4\u05e9\u05d9."<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05dc\u05de\u05d9\u05d8\u05d1 \u05d9\u05d3\u05e2\u05ea\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05e7\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05e1\u05d9\u05de\u05d5\u05db\u05d9\u05df \u05d1\u05e4\u05e1\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4\u00a0 <\/span>\u05dc\u05e7\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05db\u05d0\u05df, \u05e9\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d0\u05db\u05df \u05d4\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 "\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da" \u05dc\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u00a0 <\/span>\u05e1\u05e2' 22 \u05dc\u05e4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4, \u05d5\u05e2\u05dd \u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05ea\u05df \u05e6\u05d5 \u05e2\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d9\u05d7\u05d5\u05dc \u05d2\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8. \u05dc\u05e6\u05e0\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d3\u05e2\u05ea\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05db\u05d5\u05ea\u05d1 \u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8\u00a0 <\/span>\u05d6\u05d4 \u2013 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05d4<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u05d2<\/span><\/span><\/span>\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05d5\u05db\u05db\u05d6\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05db\u05e4\u05d5\u05e3 \u05dc\u05e6\u05d5 \u05e2\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d4\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d0\u05dd\u00a0 <\/span>\u05db\u05d6\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05ea\u05df \u05e2"\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d4\u05de"\u05e9.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d6. \u05e1\u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dd \u05d5\u05de\u05e1\u05e7\u05e0\u05d4<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05e0\u05d5\u05db\u05dc \u05d0\u05d9\u05e4\u05d0 \u05dc\u05e1\u05db\u05dd \u05d1\u05e7\u05e6\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d3\u05e2\u05ea\u05e0\u05d5: \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05de\u05e7\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d5 \u05e0\u05d5\u05d3\u05e2 \u05dc\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05de\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05d5\u05db\u05e8\u05d6 \u05db\u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0 \u05e0\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5 \u05e6\u05d5 \u05dc\u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9\u05d5 (\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05d6\u05de\u05ea\u05d5 \u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05d6\u05de\u05ea \u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d4\u05d5) \u2013 \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e4\u05e1\u05d9\u05e7 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05dc\u05d0\u05dc\u05ea\u05e8.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05db\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5, \u05d2\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0 \u05de\u05e9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d0\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d5 \u05de\u05d2\u05d5\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d4"\u05ea\u05d5\u05d1\u05e2" \u05d1\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da, \u05e9\u05d0\u05d6 \u05db\u05dc \u05e1\u05db\u05e1\u05d5\u05da \u05e9\u05d9\u05e9 \u05d1\u05d5 \u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d1\u05e1\u05e1 \u05ea\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05d5\u05de\u05d7\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05df (\u05e1\u05e2' 107 \u05d4\u05e0"\u05dc \u05dc\u05e4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4) \u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05dd \u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 "\u05e0\u05ea\u05d1\u05e2", \u05e9\u05d0\u05d6 \u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05e0\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5 \u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05db\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd (\u05e1\u05e2' 22 \u05d4\u05e0"\u05dc \u05dc\u05e4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d7. \u05d0\u05d9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d0\u05e0\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05e4\u05d4 \u05d4\u05dd<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1. \u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05ea\u05e0\u05d4\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05de\u05e1\u05d2\u05e8\u05ea \u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05da \u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u2013 \u05d0\u05e8\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u05d1\u05de\u05d4\u05dc\u05da \u05d0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05e3 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05de\u05e8\u00a0 <\/span>\u05dc\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05db\u05ea\u05d9\u05d1\u05ea \u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 \u05d6\u05d4, \u05e4\u05e0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5, \u05d1\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d7, \u05dc\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d6\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05dc\u05dc\u05de\u05d5\u05d3 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e7\u05d9\u05d5\u05de\u05df \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea, \u00a0<\/span>\u05d1\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05de\u05e6\u05d1 \u05e2\u05d9\u05de\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e6\u05e8\u05d9\u05da \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05de\u05d5\u05d3\u05d3 \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e9\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5. \u05d4\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea\u00a0 <\/span>\u05e9\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05d4\u05d2\u05e2\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d9\u05d5 \u05de\u05d0\u05e8\u05d4"\u05d1 \u05d5\u05de\u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05dc\u05de\u05e8\u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05d4\u05e4\u05ea\u05e2\u05d4 \u05e0\u05de\u05e6\u05d0 \u05d1\u05d4\u05dd \u05d7\u05d5\u05de\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e9\u05e4\u05e2, \u05d0\u05dc\u05d0 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d3\u05df \u05d1\u05e1\u05d5\u05d2\u05d9\u05d4 \u05de\u05d6\u05d5\u05d9\u05ea \u05e8\u05d0\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d7\u05dc\u05d5\u05d8\u05d9\u05df<\/span>.\u00a0 <\/span>\u05e9\u05dd \u2013 \u05d0\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d9\u05d0\u05de\u05d9\u05df \u2013 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05d5\u05df \u05de\u05ea\u05de\u05e7\u05d3 \u05d1\u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea \u05d4\u05d8\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc \u05d1\u05d1\u05e7\u05e9\u05d4 \u05dc\u05db\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05e1 \u05d4\u05e0\u05db\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u00a0<\/span>– \u05dc\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8, \u05d1\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05dd \u05dc\u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05de\u05ea\u05d1\u05e8\u05e8, \u05e9\u05d1\u05d0\u05e8\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea (\u05d1\u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05de\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d4) \u05d6\u05d5 \u05db\u05d1\u05e8 \u05de\u05d6\u05de\u05df \u05e4\u05e8\u05e7\u05d8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05d1\u05dc\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9 \u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05dc\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d1\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8\u05d4 <\/span>Negotiating Bankruptcy<\/span><\/span><\/strong> \u05db\u05d5\u05ea\u05d1\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05ea \u05d2\u05d1'\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span>Victoria Pynchon<\/span><\/span><\/a> , (\u05e9\u05d0\u05d9\u05ea\u05d4 \u05d0\u05e3 \u05d9\u05e6\u05e8\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e7\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05e8 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05ea\u05db\u05ea\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d1\u05de\u05e1\u05d2\u05e8\u05ea, \u05d0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05e3 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05de\u05e8 \u05db\u05d0\u05de\u05d5\u05e8),\u00a0 <\/span>\u05db\u05d3\u05dc\u05e7\u05de\u05df:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

"<\/span>A decade ago, there were only a handful of mediation programs in bankruptcy courts. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Long associated with family law disputes, mediation programs were slow to catch on in complex business litigation, including bankruptcy cases. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

But that's changing. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

More than two-thirds of the 90 bankruptcy courts have mediation available<\/span><\/span>, according to Robert Niemic, senior attorney at the <\/span>Federal<\/span> <\/span>Judicial<\/span> <\/span>Center<\/span>. Even more offer some other form of alternative dispute resolution, such as judicial settlement conferences. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

In the <\/span><\/span>U.S.<\/span><\/span> Bankruptcy Court for the Central District of <\/span><\/span>California<\/span><\/span>, more than 3,800 cases have been referred to mediation since 1995. About 64 percent of those cases were resolved through settlements. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

To keep costs down, the first day of mediation is free. Parties choose from a list of 200 attorneys and non-attorneys, such as accountants and financial experts, who volunteer as mediators. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Chief Bankruptcy Court<\/span><\/span><\/strong> Judge Barry Russell, who launched the mediation program in 1995, said that most cases settle in a day, producing major cost savings for both the court and the parties involved"<\/span>. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05e0\u05d3\u05de\u05d4, \u05e9\u05de\u05df \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05e0\u05d0 \u05d1\u05d4\u05dd.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d1\u05e4\u05e8\u05e1\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05d5\u05e1\u05d3 \u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05d1\u05d0\u05e8\u05d4"\u05d1, \u05de\u05e6\u05d0\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d1\u05d0\u05d4:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

American Bankruptcy Institute Law Review<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/em>
\n\u00a0
\n"<\/span>In a major expansion of the use of mandatory mediation<\/span>, the Michigan Bankruptcy Court ordered mediation of nearly 1170 preference actions filed in conjunction with Collin& Aikman\u2019s<\/span><\/a>[1]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> Chapter 11 reorganization plan.<\/span><\/a>[2]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> In re Collins & Aikman Corp., 376 B.R. 815 (Bankr. E.D. Mich. 2007.\u00a0 The court concluded that mediation \u201cwill promote the just, speedy and inexpensive resolution of these adversary proceedings.\u201d<\/a>[3]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>\u00a0 The court went further and both required defendants to share the costs of mediation and provided for default judgment to be entered against parties failing to engage in the mediation process.<\/a>[4]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>"<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u05d5\u05dc\u05de\u05d9 \u05e9\u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05df, \u05d4\u05e8\u05d9 \u05dc\u05db\u05dd \u05de\u05e2\u05d8 \u05d4\u05e1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d0\u05de\u05e8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d0\u05d9\u05ea:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

"<\/span><\/span><\/span>This decision reflects the growing use of mediation in bankruptcy<\/span><\/span>.\u00a0 Prior to the adoption of the Alternative Dispute Resolution Act of 1998, bankruptcy court\u2019s found authority to use mediation by fusing together various provisions of the bankruptcy rules, local rules, the Bankruptcy Code and other federal legislation.<\/a>[5]<\/span><\/span><\/a> Section 105 of the Bankruptcy Code <\/a>[6]<\/span><\/span><\/a> and the provisions relating to the appointment of examiners under Sections 1104<\/a>[7]<\/span><\/span><\/a> and 1106<\/a>[8]<\/span><\/span><\/a> of the Code gave the bankruptcy court\u2019s authority to mediate in reorganization plan cases, and in other cases to resolve litigation.<\/span>\u00a0 In conjunction with the authorizations granted in the Code, local rules giving bankruptcy courts authority to order mediation emerged as a way to promoting the efficiency in the courts by limiting excessive costs and delays.<\/a>[9]<\/span><\/span><\/a>\u00a0 Using these principles, the Southern District of California established the first mediation program for bankruptcy, which soon was followed by the Middle District of Florida.<\/a>[10]<\/span><\/span><\/a>\u00a0 In 1990, Congress enacted the Civil Justice Reform Act<\/a>[11]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a> with the purpose of implementing alternatives to reduce expense and delay in civil litigation and this was seen as supporting use of alternative dispute programs as a tool in effectuating congressional intent.<\/a>[12]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>\u00a0 Finally, in 1998, Congress passed the Alternative Dispute Resolution Act of 1998, which gave bankruptcy courts express authority to utilize mediation in adversary proceedings.<\/a>[13]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>"<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d5\u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05d4\u05de"\u05e9 \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05d5\u05d6\u05d9 \u05d1\u05de\u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05ea \u05de\u05d9\u05e9\u05d9\u05d2\u05df, \u05d0\u05e3 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d7\u05d9\u05e7 \u05dc\u05db\u05ea \u05d5\u05d4\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e7\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd \u05de\u05e0\u05d3\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

While Congress gave broad authority to the bankruptcy courts to implement mediation procedures, the procedural requirements are left to the local rules of the bankruptcy court.<\/span><\/a>[14]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>\u00a0 Based upon that delegation of power, the Eastern District of <\/span><\/span><\/span>Michigan<\/span><\/span> has taken a hard-line approach to parties who fail to mediate.\u00a0 Under Rule 7016-1(c), failure to mediate can be the grounds for a default judgment.<\/a>[15]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a>\u00a0 The imposition of mediation cost on defendants who may believe they have no liability and who do not voluntarily chose the alternative dispute resolution mechanism raises questions whether mandatory mediation will lead to a fairer and more efficient resolution, or add to the pressure to settle the claims?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05de\u05d5\u05d1\u05df \u05e9\u05de\u05d4\u05dc\u05db\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05dc\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05d7\u05e7\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05ea\u05d0\u05d9\u05de\u05d4.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3. \u05d5\u05de\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e9\u05db\u05e8 \u05d8\u05e8\u05d7\u05ea\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8? <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u05dc\u05d4\u05d6\u05db\u05d9\u05e8\u05e0\u05d5, \u05d1\u05ea\u05e7\u05e0\u05d4 7<\/span> \u05dc<\/span>\u05ea\u05e7\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 (\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8), \u05d4\u05ea\u05e9\u05e0"\u05d2 – 1993<\/span> \u05ea\u05d5\u05e7\u05df \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d0 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05db\u05d3\u05dc\u05e7\u05de\u05df:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

"<\/span>\u05e9\u05db\u05e8 \u05d8\u05e8\u05d7\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05e4\u05e7\u05d3\u05d5\u05df <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

7.\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span>(\u05d0)\u00a0 <\/span>\u05e9\u05db\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d8\u05e8\u05d7\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d9\u05e9\u05dc\u05de\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d9\u05d7\u05d5\u05e9\u05d1 \u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d0 \u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05e1\u05d5\u05da <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d5\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05de\u05d5\u05ea\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05ea\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8, \u05d5\u05d4\u05d5\u05d0 \u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd \u05dc\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05dd \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e2\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05d4\u05e1\u05d3\u05e8 \u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05dd \u05dc\u05d0\u05d5.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(\u05d1)\u00a0 <\/span>\u05d1\u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc\u05ea \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d9\u05d5\u05d3\u05d9\u05e2 \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05d0\u05ea \u05e9\u05db\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d8\u05e8\u05d7\u05d4 \u05e9\u05e7\u05d1\u05e2 \u05d5\u05d0\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df \u05ea\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05d5; \u05e9\u05db\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d8\u05e8\u05d7\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d9\u05d9\u05e7\u05d1\u05e2 \u05d1\u05e1\u05db\u05d5\u05dd \u05d4\u05db\u05d5\u05dc\u05dc \u05d2\u05dd \u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05df.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(\u05d2)\u00a0 <\/span>\u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05d9\u05e1\u05db\u05d9\u05de\u05d5 \u05d1\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd \u05de\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9 \u05e2\u05dc \u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05df \u05d7\u05dc\u05d5\u05e7\u05ea \u05e9\u05db\u05e8 \u05d8\u05e8\u05d7\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05df, \u05dc\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e7\u05e9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05d5\u05d5\u05e2\u05e6\u05d5\u05ea \u05e2\u05dd \u05de\u05d9 \u05e9\u05e7\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e1\u05db\u05e1\u05d5\u05da \u05d0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e7\u05d1\u05dc\u05ea \u05d7\u05d5\u05d5\u05ea \u05d3\u05e2\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05de\u05d5\u05de\u05d7\u05d4; \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05d9\u05de\u05d5 \u05e2\u05dc \u05db\u05da – \u05d9\u05e9\u05d0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05ea\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05db\u05d0\u05de\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d4.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(\u05d3)\u00a0 <\/span>\u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8, \u05e8\u05e9\u05d0\u05d9 \u05dc\u05e7\u05d1\u05d5\u05e2 \u05e1\u05db\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9\u05d9\u05d9\u05de\u05e1\u05e8 \u05dc\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8 \u05de\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9 \u05db\u05e4\u05e7\u05d3\u05d5\u05df \u05e2\u05dc \u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d5\u05df \u05e9\u05db\u05e8 \u05d8\u05e8\u05d7\u05ea\u05d5 \u05d5\u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05df.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(\u05d4)\u00a0 <\/span>\u05d4\u05ea\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05e8\u05d5 \u05d7\u05d9\u05dc\u05d5\u05e7\u05d9 \u05d3\u05e2\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05d1\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05df \u05e9\u05db\u05e8 \u05d4\u05d8\u05e8\u05d7\u05d4 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05df \u05db\u05d0\u05de\u05d5\u05e8, \u05d9\u05d7\u05dc\u05d9\u05d8 \u05d1\u05d4\u05dd \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8".<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d1\u05d1\u05d3\u05d9\u05e7\u05ea \u05d4\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d0 \u05d1\u05de\u05d7\u05e7\u05e8 \u05e4\u05d3\u05e8\u05dc\u05d9 \u05e9\u05e0\u05e2\u05e8\u05da \u05d1\u05d0\u05e8\u05d4"\u05d1 \u2013 <\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Mediation in Bankruptcy<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

The Federal Judicial Center Survey of Mediation <\/span>Participants<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Report to the Advisory Committee on Bankruptcy Rules<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

of the Judicial Conference of the <\/span><\/em>United States<\/span><\/em><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

Robert J. Niemic<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Federal Judicial Center <\/span>1998<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05e0\u05de\u05e6\u05d0 \u05e4\u05ea\u05e8\u05d5\u05df \u05de\u05e2\u05d8 \u05e9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4 \u05de\u05d6\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d1\u05ea\u05e7\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e9\u05d0\u05dc\u05ea \u05e9\u05db\u05e8 \u05d8\u05e8\u05d7\u05ea\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8. \u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05d3 \u05d4\u05ea\u05e7\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05de\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u00a0<\/span>\u05e2\u05dc \u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05de\u05d4 \u05de\u05e8\u05d0\u05e9 \u05d1\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05df \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d1\u05e2\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05d5\u05d1\u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05db\u05d6\u05d0\u05ea \u2013 \u05d9\u05e9\u05d0\u05d5 \u05d1\u05e9\u05db\u05e8 \u05d8\u05e8\u05d7\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8 (\u05d5\u05d1\u05d9\u05ea\u05e8 \u05d4\u05ea\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05d8\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc\u05d9\u05d4\u05dd) \u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e9\u05d5\u05d5\u05d4. \u05d4\u05e8\u05d9 \u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 \u05de\u05e1\u05de\u05da \u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05e7\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d3\u05e8\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e0"\u05dc \u2013 \u05d1\u05de\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05d1\u05d9\u05d4\u05de"\u05e9, \u05d1\u05d4\u05e4\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d8\u05d9\u05e4\u05d5\u05dc \u05d1\u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05dc\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8, \u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05de\u05ea \u05d4\u05e6\u05d3\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d0 \u05ea\u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05de\u05d2\u05d5\u05dc\u05de\u05ea \u05d1\u05e6\u05d5\u00a0 <\/span>\u05e9\u05d9\u05d5\u05e6\u05d9\u05d0, \u05e9\u05d2\u05dd \u05d9\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d1\u05d9\u05e6\u05d5\u05e2 \u05d4\u05ea\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05dd \u05e2"\u05d9 \u05e4\u05d5\u05e9\u05d8 \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05dc.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

"<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong>Question 29\u2014Bankruptcy Estate Paid Mediator Fee<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

I submitted a fee application, which was approved on shortened notice.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

In all my mediations, the parties agree to be jointly liable for the mediator\u2019s fees and disbursements <\/span>and their agreement is embodied in a court order.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Court authorized the debtor\u2019s <\/span>payment"<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05dc\u05e2\u05d5\u05de\u05ea \u05d6\u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05dc\u05d2\u05d9\u05d8\u05d9\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05ea\u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9\u05db\u05e8 \u05d8\u05e8\u05d7\u05ea \u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05d1\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05e9\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e0\u05e7\u05d1\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d1\u05e1\u05e2' 87 \u05dc\u05e4\u05e7\u05d5\u05d3\u05d4: <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

"\u00a087. \u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05e9\u05db\u05e8 \u05d8\u05e8\u05d7\u05ea \u05e2\u05d5"\u05d3 <\/span>[36]<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(\u05d0) \u05db\u05e1\u05e3 \u05e9\u05e9\u05d9\u05dc\u05dd \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1 \u05d1\u05ea\u05d5\u05dd \u05dc\u05d1 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05d1\u05d4\u05ea\u05e0\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9 \u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05e9\u05e0\u05e4\u05ea\u05d7\u05d5 \u05e0\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5, \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d9\u05d5\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05df \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05e4\u05e8\u05e2 \u05de\u05de\u05e0\u05d5, \u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d6\u05d4, \u05d0\u05e3 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05e9\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05d9\u05d3\u05e2 \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9 \u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05e9\u05d1\u05d2\u05dc\u05dc\u05dd \u05e0\u05e4\u05ea\u05d7\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

(\u05d1) \u05db\u05e1\u05e3 \u05e9\u05e9\u05d9\u05dc\u05dd \u05d7\u05d9\u05d9\u05d1 \u05d1\u05ea\u05d5\u05dd \u05dc\u05d1 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05d3\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05d5\u05df \u05d4\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05e4\u05dc\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9 \u05e9\u05e0\u05e4\u05ea\u05d7 \u05e0\u05d2\u05d3\u05d5, \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d9\u05d5\u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05df \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05e4\u05e8\u05e2 \u05de\u05de\u05e0\u05d5, \u05de\u05db\u05d5\u05d7 \u05d4\u05d4\u05db\u05e8\u05d6\u05d4, \u05d0\u05e3 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05d9 \u05e9\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df \u05d9\u05d3\u05e2 \u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e2\u05e9\u05d9 \u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05e9\u05d1\u05d2\u05dc\u05dc\u05dd \u05e0\u05e4\u05ea\u05d7\u05d5 \u05d4\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9\u05dd;\u05d0\u05d5\u05dc\u05dd \u05d0\u05dd \u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d9\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05e9\u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dc\u05de\u05d5 \u05d4\u05dd \u05de\u05d5\u05d2\u05d6\u05de\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d9\u05e7\u05d1\u05e2 \u05de\u05d4\u05d5 \u05d4\u05e1\u05db\u05d5\u05dd \u05d4\u05e1\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8, \u05dc\u05d3\u05e2\u05ea\u05d5, \u05d5\u05d4\u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05df \u05d9\u05d5\u05db\u05dc \u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05e4\u05e8\u05e2 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05ea\u05e8\u05d4 \u05de\u05e2\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df<\/span>"<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

4. \u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05d6\u05d4 \u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05de\u05d5\u05d1\u05df, \u05e9\u05db\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d0\u05e6\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05dd\u00a0 <\/span>\u05d1\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1 \u05dc\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d1\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d7\u05d4, \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc, \u05d9\u05e2\u05e9\u05d4 \u05e2"\u05d9 \u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05db\u05e9\u05e8\u05d5 \u05dc\u05db\u05da \u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d1\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8, \u05e9\u05d4\u05ea\u05e4\u05e8\u05e1\u05dd \u05d1- <\/span>ADR Resources<\/span><\/span> <\/span>, \u05e9\u05d1\u05d5 \u05e0\u05d1\u05d7\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05e4\u05e9\u05e8\u05d5\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05dd \u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8, \u05d1\u05d9\u05df \u05d4\u05d9\u05ea\u05e8, \u05d1\u05d4\u05dc\u05d9\u05db\u05d9 \u05e4\u05e9\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05e8:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

"<\/span><\/span>Mediation has some specific quirks and special factors that apply in several specialty areas. This essay covers specific practice pointers for these types of mediation. <\/span>The specialty areas covered in this two part column are Personal Injury, Commercial Litigation, Family Law, Medical Malpractice and Bankruptcy.<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

E. Bankruptcy and Mediation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Available only by the agreement of the parties, there has been some mediation in bankruptcy proceedings. Since bankruptcy often involves non-zero sum solutions, mediation has been growing in that area solely as the result of the successes attorneys have had using the method.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Bankruptcy is one area where waiting to mediate <\/span><\/span>— until counsel can determine if there is going to be a contest — may well be superior to immediately moving forward to mediation. As a result, instead of rushing to mediation, bankruptcy law calls for a "wait and see" attitude.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Courts using bankruptcy mediators generally require that the mediators have at least 10 years of licensed law practice in bankruptcy and forty hours from an MCLE approved program providing instruction in mediation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

This is because bankruptcy appears to be an area where practice in the area of law mediated is important to the success of the process and the mediator is often expected to have substantial input in suggesting uses and alternatives under the bankruptcy code"<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

5. \u05e4\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d7\u05d3\u05e9, \u05e4\u05e8\u05d5\u05e4' \u05d9\u05e2\u05e7\u05d1 \u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05df:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05d4\u05de\u05d8\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05d9\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05d5\u05ea, \u05e9\u05d4\u05e6\u05d9\u05d1 \u05dc\u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d5 \u05e9\u05e8 \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05d7\u05d3\u05e9, \u05e4\u05e8\u05d5\u05e4' \u05d9\u05e2\u05e7\u05d1 \u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05df \u05d0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d4\u05e2\u05d9\u05e7\u05e8\u05d9\u05ea \u05e9\u05d1\u05d4\u05df, \u05d4\u05d9\u05ea\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d4\u05dc\u05d7\u05dd \u05d1\u05e2\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5\u05d9\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d3\u05d9\u05df, \u05db\u05ea\u05d5\u05e6\u05d0\u05d4 \u05de\u05de\u05e9\u05da \u05d4\u05d4\u05de\u05ea\u05e0\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d1\u05dc\u05ea\u05d9 \u05e0\u05e1\u05d1\u05dc \u05e9\u05d7\u05d5\u05d5\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d9 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d6\u05e7\u05e7\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05e6\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05ea \u05d1\u05ea\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05de\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d5 \u05d3\u05e8\u05da \u05e4\u05e9\u05d5\u05d8\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e7\u05d3\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05d8\u05e8\u05ea\u05d5 \u05d6\u05d5, \u05de\u05d0\u05e9\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e8\u05d7\u05d9\u05d1 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d9\u05e7\u05e3 \u05d5\u05db\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05de\u05d5\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05dc\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8? \u05e4\u05e8\u05d8 \u05dc\u05d4\u05db\u05e9\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d4\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3\u05ea \u05dc\u05de\u05d2\u05e9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d0\u05d5\u05ea\u05d4 \u05d4\u05d6\u05db\u05e8\u05e0\u05d5, \u05d9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d2\u05dd \u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05d1\u05d7\u05e7\u05d9\u05e7\u05d4 \u05de\u05ea\u05d0\u05d9\u05de\u05d4<\/span>. \u05dc\u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d9\u05d0\u05de\u05e5 \u05d4\u05e9\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05e6\u05e2\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd \u05e9\u05e0\u05e2\u05e9\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05d6\u05d4 \u05d1\u05d0\u05e8\u05d4"\u05d1?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d1\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e9\u05dd : <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

MEDIATION IN BANKRUPTCY -WHY JUST IN THE MINI CHAPTER 7<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

AND MEGA CHAPTER 11 CASES?<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

By <\/span>Colin W. Wied <\/span>C.W. Wied Professional Corporation<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

"\u00a0 <\/span><\/span>T<\/span>here is no obstacle to using mediation in bankruptcy court, even court mandated <\/span>mediation. The Alternative Dispute Resolution Act of 1998, (28 U.S.C. \u00a7\u00a7 651 et. seq.<\/em>) requires <\/span>district courts to authorize use of ADR in civil actions, including adversary proceedings in <\/span>bankruptcy<\/span>. In fact, district courts, and by extension, bankruptcy courts are authorized to require <\/span>mediation or early neutral evaluation, even without the parties consent.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05db\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05e8, \u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05e1\u05e4\u05e7 \u05e9\u05d9\u05e9 \u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d1\u05ea\u05e9\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05ea\u05d7\u05d9\u05e7\u05ea\u05d9\u05ea \u05de\u05ea\u05d0\u05d9\u05de\u05d4.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d5\u05de\u05d3\u05d5\u05e2 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d4 \u05d0\u05e6\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5?<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05e0\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05e9\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e7\u05d5\u05e9\u05d9 \u05d3\u05d5\u05de\u05d4 \u05d1\u05db\u05dc \u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05dd. \u05d5\u05e2\u05dc \u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e7\u05d5\u05e9\u05d9 \u05d6\u05d4, \u05db\u05d5\u05ea\u05d1 \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e0"\u05dc \u05de\u05e9\u05d9\u05d1 \u05d2\u05dd \u05db\u05df. \u05d1\u05d4\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e9\u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u2013 \u05db\u05e4\u05d9 \u05e9\u05d1\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05e8 \u05de\u05d4\u05db\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8\u05ea \u05dc\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8\u05d5 \u2013 \u05de\u05d3\u05d5\u05e2 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05d7\u05dc \u05d1\u05d0\u05e8\u05e6\u05d5 \u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05de\u05e0\u05d3\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d0 \u05e8\u05e7 \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05e9\u05dc \u05d9\u05d7\u05d9\u05d3\u05d9\u05dd (<\/span><\/span>CHAPTER 7<\/span>) <\/span><\/strong>\u05d0\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d2\u05dd \u05e2\u05dc \u05e4\u05e8\u05d5\u05e7\u05d9 \u05d7\u05d1\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea (\u05dc\u05e4\u05d9 <\/span><\/span>CHAPTER 11<\/span> <\/span>\u05e9\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05e7 \u05d4\u05e4\u05d3\u05e8\u05dc\u05d9 \u05d1\u05d0\u05e8\u05d4"\u05d1 \u05d4\u05d7\u05dc \u05d1\u05e2\u05e0\u05d9\u05d9\u05df) :-<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

"<\/span><\/span>Why then, hasn't mediation, although authorized by statute, been implemented generally <\/span>in Chapter 11 cases? Primarily because it has not yet become part of the Chapter 11 legal culture <\/span>in most bankruptcy districts; and secondarily because neither bankruptcy judges nor bankruptcy <\/span>lawyers are promoting it. Remember, mediation was not generally a part of the legal culture.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05e6\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc \u05e2\u05e9\u05d9\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05de\u05db\u05dc \u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05dd, \u05d0\u05dd \u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05e5 \u05dc\u05de\u05e6\u05d9\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05ea \u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d4\u05db\u05d5\u05ea\u05d1 \u05e9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05e8, \u05dc\u05e6\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05d5 \u05d5\u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05dc\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea –\u00a0 <\/span>\u05e9\u05d4\u05e2\u05d3\u05e8 \u05ea\u05e8\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea \u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8, \u05e7\u05d9\u05d5\u05de\u05d5 \u05e9\u05dc \u05e7\u05d9\u05d1\u05e2\u05d5\u05df \u05de\u05d7\u05e9\u05d1\u05ea\u05d9, \u05d4\u05e2\u05d3\u05e8 \u05d7\u05d6\u05d5\u05df \u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8\u05d9, \u05e6\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5\u05e4\u05e7 \u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05e0\u05d8\u05e8\u05e1\u05d9\u05dd \u05d6\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd, \u05d4\u05dd \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05e9\u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05e2\u05d9\u05dd \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05ea\u05e4\u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05ea \u05de\u05e7\u05e6\u05d5\u05e2 \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d5\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d0\u05d9 \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d4\u05ea\u05e4\u05ea\u05d7 \u05d5\u05dc\u05ea\u05e4\u05d5\u05e1 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05dd \u05d4\u05e8\u05d0\u05d5\u05d9 \u05dc\u05d4\u05dd \u05d1\u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05e9\u05e4\u05d8 \u05d1\u05d0\u05e8\u05e5.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d5\u05d1\u05db\u05d3\u05d9 \u05dc\u05ea\u05ea \u05dc\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05e2\u05d5\u05de\u05e7 \u05d0\u05d5 \u05de\u05d9\u05de\u05d3 \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e3, \u05e0\u05ea\u05d9\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1 \u05e9\u05d5\u05d1 \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05d8 \u05d4\u05e1\u05d8\u05d5\u05e8\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d0\u05de\u05e8\u05d9\u05e7\u05d0\u05d9\u05ea \u05d1\u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d0<\/span><\/span><\/strong> \u2013 \u05d5\u05d0\u05d5\u05dc\u05d9 \u05e2\u05ea\u05d4 \u05d9\u05d5\u05d1\u05df \u05d8\u05d5\u05d1 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8\u05d0, \u05de\u05d3\u05d5\u05e2 \u05d1\u05e4\u05ea\u05d7 \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 \u05de\u05d5\u05e4\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \u05d4\u05e7\u05d1\u05d9\u05e2\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc \u05de\u05e4\u05d2\u05e8 \u05d1-15 \u05e9\u05e0\u05d4, \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d9 \u05d4\u05de\u05ea\u05e8\u05d7\u05e9, \u05d1\u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05dd \u05d6\u05d4,\u00a0 <\/span>\u05d1\u05d0\u05e8\u05d4"\u05d1:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

15"\u00a0<\/span> <\/span>years ago Underfunded state courts were forced to find alternatives for resolving cases that were <\/span>taking too much time and wasting too many scarce judicial resources <\/span>to a large extent, <\/span>mediation and other forms of ADR were forced on the bar by the bench and state legislature .<\/span>See, e.g.<\/em>, California's mandatory early mediation pilot program, Cal. Code of Civil Procedure <\/span>\u00a7\u00a71730 et. seq, and the implementing Mediation Pilot Program Rules, Cal. Rules of Court 1640 <\/span>et. Seq"<\/span>.<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

For some reason, ADR has been late coming to the bankruptcy practice. I am not so <\/span>cynical to believe that most practitioners, at least the busy ones, want to avoid mediation so as to <\/span>keep their fees high. In fact, I think, based on my experience as a Chapter 11 debtor's lawyer, <\/span>that most bankruptcy lawyers are bright, honest, ethical lawyers. I also think that most <\/span>bankruptcy lawyers realize, at least subconsciously, that they must find ways to cut chapter 11 <\/span>administrative costs lest Congress instead do the job with a meat ax.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Some courts assert and exercise the power to make mediation mandatory<\/span><\/span><\/strong>. An example is <\/span>the probate mediation program in <\/span>Los Angeles<\/span>. Others decline to order mandatory mediation, <\/span>leaving it up to the lawyers to agree to it. An example is the <\/span>San Diego<\/span> probate program as it <\/span>existed through 2003. By no accident, the <\/span>Los Angeles<\/span> program works, while the <\/span><\/span>San Diego<\/span><\/span> one <\/span>lay moribund until this year when its mediation program became mandatory.<\/strong><\/span><\/span> I suggest that <\/span>mediation in bankruptcy cases, subject to the discretion of the bankruptcy judge, ought to be <\/span>mandatory.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mediation can accomplish many things a trial judge cannot<\/span><\/span><\/strong>. Client satisfaction is one of <\/span>them. Typically, all parties emerge from a mediation pleased with the result. That is never the <\/span>result after a trial<\/span>. Getting to the root causes of a problem are another. Dealing directly with <\/span>obstacles to settlement helps resolve conflicts.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Emotions<\/span><\/span> frequently hinder Chapter 11 progress<\/span> <\/span>as they do resolution of all manner of disputes. Mediation literature refers to the emotional <\/span>barriers as "blocking issues." It is a simple fact that lawyers usually can resolve the legal and <\/span>economic issues; but lawyers for the parties are often not able to deal effectively with the <\/span>blocking issues. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Mediation training enables the mediator to identify and resolving them, leading<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

to settlements not attainable in court.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

There is no need to make the case for mediation. Mediation is inexorably becoming part <\/span>of the fabric of dispute resolution in trial courts in all jurisdictions. It is time the bankruptcy <\/span>professionals likewise stop litigating and start mediating; and it is time the bankruptcy courts <\/span>encourage them to do that.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d4\u05de\u05d7\u05d1\u05e8 \u05d4\u05de\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05d3 \u05d0\u05d5\u05de\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d9\u05d7\u05e1 \u05dc\u05d4\u05e8\u05d7\u05d1\u05ea \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d1\u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea \u05e8\u05d2\u05dc \u05d1\u05d0\u05e8\u05d4"\u05d1, \u05e0\u05d9\u05ea\u05df \u05dc\u05d9\u05d9\u05e9\u05de\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d7\u05d3 \u05dc\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05dc\u05d2\u05d1\u05d9 \u05db\u05dc\u05dc \u05e0\u05d5\u05e9\u05d0 \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d0\u05e8\u05e5.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05de\u05d9\u05e9\u05d4\u05d5 \u05d9\u05db\u05d5\u05dc \u05dc\u05d4\u05e2\u05d1\u05d9\u05e8 \u05d0\u05ea \u05d4\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d4\u05e0"\u05dc \u05dc\u05e9\u05e8 \u05e0\u05d0\u05de\u05df??<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

6. \u05ea\u05ea \u05e4\u05e8\u05e7 \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u05d5\u05df \u05d1\u05d4\u05d7\u05dc\u05d8 \u05e2\u05d1\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d4\u05e1\u05e7\u05e8\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05de\u05d9\u05d5\u05d7\u05d3.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05de\u05d0\u05d7\u05e8 \u05d5\u05d0\u05d9\u05df \u05dc\u05de\u05e2\u05e8\u05db\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05e6\u05d5\u05df \u05dc\u05e9\u05de\u05d5\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05d4 \u05d0\u05ea \u05db\u05dc \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05de\u05e8 \u05e9\u05e0\u05e6\u05d1\u05e8, \u05d1\u05de\u05d4\u05dc\u05da \u05d0\u05d9\u05e1\u05d5\u05e3 \u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05de\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05db\u05ea\u05d9\u05d1\u05ea \u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 \u05d6\u05d4,\u00a0 <\/span>\u05d4\u05d5\u05d7\u05dc\u05d8 \u05dc\u05d4\u05d5\u05e1\u05d9\u05e3 \u05d0\u05ea\u00a0 <\/span>\u05ea\u05ea \u05d4\u05e4\u05e8\u05e7 \u05d4\u05d6\u05d4, \u05e9\u05d4\u05d7\u05d5\u05de\u05e8 \u05d1\u05d5 \u05e2\u05e8\u05d5\u05da \u05db\u05e9\u05d0\u05dc\u05d5\u05ea \u05d5\u05ea\u05e9\u05d5\u05d1\u05d5\u05ea, \u05d4\u05d1\u05d0\u05d5\u05ea \u05dc\u05d4\u05d1\u05d4\u05d9\u05e8 \u05de\u05e2\u05d8 \u05d9\u05d5\u05ea\u05e8 \u05dc\u05e2\u05d5\u05de\u05e7 \u05de\u05de\u05d4 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d9\u05d4 \u05d3\u05e8\u05d5\u05e9 \u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05dc\u05e6\u05d5\u05e8\u05da \u05d4\u05e9\u05d2\u05ea \u05de\u05d8\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05de\u05d0\u05de\u05e8, \u05db\u05d9\u05e6\u05d3 \u05e4\u05d5\u05e2\u05dc \u05d1\u05d0\u05e8\u05d4"\u05d1 \u05d4\u05d2\u05d9\u05e9\u05d5\u05e8 \u05d1\u05ea\u05d7\u05d5\u05dd \u05e4\u05e9\u05d9\u05d8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d4\u05e8\u05d2\u05dc. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d0\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e0\u05d1\u05d9\u05d0 \u05d7\u05d5\u05de\u05e8 \u05d6\u05d4 \u05dc\u05dc\u05d0 \u05d4\u05e2\u05e8\u05d5\u05ea \u05d0\u05d5 \u05e4\u05e8\u05e9\u05e0\u05d5\u05ea \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e4\u05ea, \u05d0\u05dc\u05d0 \u05db\u05de\u05d5\u05ea \u05e9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d0. \u00a0<\/span>\u05e0\u05e8\u05d0\u05d4 \u05dc\u05e0\u05d5 \u05e9\u05d4\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05de\u05d3\u05d1\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd \u05d1\u05e2\u05d3 \u05e2\u05e6\u05de\u05dd:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

"<\/span>Bankruptcy Mediation FAQ<\/span><\/h4>\n

Answers to Ten Frequently Asked Questions, by <\/span>Larry Folks<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

1. What is bankruptcy mediation?<\/span><\/h4>\n

Bankruptcy mediation is a highly successful negotiation process facilitated by a neutral third-party mediator who assists the parties to resolve their dispute. Mediation is available in <\/span>Arizona<\/span> and all other jurisdictions.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2. When is bankruptcy mediation available?<\/span><\/h4>\n

Bankruptcy mediation is available at any point during a <\/span>commercial bankruptcy<\/span><\/a> or <\/span>consumer bankruptcy<\/span><\/a> proceeding when the parties and their legal counsel agree to participate in the mediation process. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3. What types of bankruptcy disputes are typically mediated?<\/span><\/h4>\n

Disputes asserted by Chapter 7 trustees and parties in adversary proceedings concerning preference, avoidance, non-dischargeability, fraudulent conveyance and claims allowance actions are frequently mediated.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Bankruptcy mediation is also useful for resolving multi-party disputes and discrete issues in all types of contested matters such as valuation, interest rate and state law specific disputes.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

4. What are the primary benefits of bankruptcy mediation?<\/span><\/h4>\n

The parties control the outcome of their dispute through a voluntary, immediate, confidential and cost-effective process. In addition, the parties select a resolution that can be creative, flexible and actually complied with instead of being subject to a \u201cwinner takes all\u201d court decision. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

5. How do I select a qualified bankruptcy mediator?<\/span><\/h4>\n

The United States Bankruptcy Court of the District of Arizona (the \u201cBankruptcy Court\u201d) appoints attorneys and bankruptcy trustees who demonstrate significant bankruptcy expertise and mediation training to serve as both uncompensated and compensated bankruptcy mediators (the \u201cPanel Mediators\u201d). There are also many well qualified mediators who may be located from sources including, without limitation, the Alternative Dispute Resolution Section of the State Bar of Arizona. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The names and contact information of the <\/span>Panel Mediators<\/span><\/a> (compensated and uncompensated) are available for review at the Bankruptcy Court\u2019s website.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

6. What rules govern a bankruptcy mediation?<\/span><\/h4>\n

Local Bankruptcy Rules 9072-1 through 9072-9<\/span><\/a> govern the appointment of Panel Mediators and the procedures for scheduling and conducting a bankruptcy mediation. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

7. How much does a bankruptcy mediation typically cost?<\/span><\/h4>\n

Local Bankruptcy Rule <\/span>9072-7(e)<\/span><\/a> provides that the parties shall share equally all fees and expenses of a bankruptcy mediation unless the parties agree otherwise. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Counsel for the parties must submit a Confidential Mediation Position Statement, in the form required by Local Bankruptcy Rule <\/span>9072-8(c)<\/span><\/a>, to the mediator in advance of the mediation and, of course, participate in the mediation with the client. That cost varies depending upon the complexity of the case. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Additionally, Local Bankruptcy Rule <\/span>9072-4<\/span><\/a> provides that, unless otherwise ordered by the Bankruptcy Court, assignment of a matter to mediation does not delay or stay discovery, pre-trial hearing dates or trial schedules. As such, any fees and costs incurred by the parties to compensate their legal counsel and the mediator are an additional litigation expense. Comparatively speaking, however, any fees and costs incurred by the parties to participate in the mediation process are well spent if the process results in either: (i) an immediate resolution of the dispute; or alternatively; or (ii) the parties having an improved understanding of their respective positions and the issues to be resolved through subsequent settlement negotiation or litigation. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Bankruptcy mediators typically charge their standard hourly rate for an attorney, or other professional, of their level of experience to prepare for and conduct a mediation. Most bankruptcy mediations last an entire day. The parties may, however, agree to limit the mediation to one-half day to minimize the expense of the mediation process. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Unless the mediator\u2019s fees are to be paid from assets of the bankruptcy estate, a fee application does not have to be submitted to the Bankruptcy Court to pay the mediator\u2019s fees and costs.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

8. What steps are required to schedule a bankruptcy mediation?<\/span><\/h4>\n

The parties must:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>select a mutually acceptable mediator who satisfies the qualification requirements of the Bankruptcy Court; <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>contact the mediator to verify that the mediator is available when required and has no conflicts of interest to preclude the mediator from conducting the mediation; and <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00b7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>file an Application For Appointment of Mediator and Verified Statement of Mediator and lodge a form of Order Appointing Mediator with the Bankruptcy Court. Templates of said pleadings are available in Word format at the same website location listed above. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Upon appointment by the Bankruptcy Court, the mediator will arrange a conference call with counsel for the parties, or take other steps, to assist the parties to select a date, time and location for the mediation that must be attended, in person, by a representative of each party with authority to resolve the dispute and their legal counsel. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

9. Is the information disclosed during a bankruptcy mediation confidential?<\/span><\/h4>\n

Absolutely. The combination of Local Bankruptcy Rule <\/span>9072-8(f)<\/span><\/a>, Bankruptcy Rule 9017, Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 408 and A.R.S. \u00a712-2238 preclude all oral, or written, information revealed during a bankruptcy mediation from being disclosed outside the mediation or used as evidence in any manner in the related bankruptcy proceeding. In addition, the bankruptcy mediator may not be called as a witness in the bankruptcy proceeding. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

10. What is required if the bankruptcy mediation results in a resolution of the dispute?<\/span><\/h4>\n

It is imperative that a successful mediation result in a binding settlement term sheet signed by the parties and their legal counsel on the day of the mediation. The mediator is responsible for preparing the term sheet. <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Local Bankruptcy <\/span>Rule 9072-9(a)<\/span><\/a> provides that the mediator is authorized to designate a party to prepare and file the pleadings to seek Bankruptcy Court approval of the terms of the settlement agreed upon at the mediation. Bankruptcy Rules 2002 and 9019 apply for approval of the settlement by the Bankruptcy Court. Most counsel file a Motion For Approval Of Settlement And Compromise which appends the signed term sheet from the day of the mediation and send out a 20-day negative notice which summarizes the terms of the settlement. If no party-in-interest objects, a certification of service and no objection and form of order approving the settlement are lodged with the Bankruptcy Court"<\/span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u05d5\u05de\u05de\u05e7\u05d5\u05e8 \u05e0\u05d5\u05e1\u05e3<\/span> – <\/span>\u00a0<\/span>\u05d4\u05e4\u05e2\u05dd \u05de\u05e7\u05e0\u05d3\u05d4<\/span>:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Office of the Superintendent of Bankruptcy Canada Office <\/span><\/span>Office of Superintendent\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 of Bankruptcy Canada<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

of the Superintendent of Bkruptcy Canada<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

All about <\/span>Bankruptcy <\/span>Mediation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Recent amendments to the Bankruptcy <\/span>and Insolvency Act <\/em>have led to changes<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

in the consumer bankruptcy process <\/span>,changes that could be very helpful to <\/span>you as a bankrupt or a creditor.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Beginning in the spring of 1998, you <\/span>will have the right to ask for mediation <\/span><\/strong>to settle certain kinds of disputes <\/span>related to a bankruptcy.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

What is mediation?<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Mediation is a way of resolving conflict between two or more people. The parties involved in the disagreement agree to work with an independent person called a \u201cmediator\u201d who helps them settle their dispute.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Why was mediation introduced into the consumer bankruptcy process?<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

The mediation process will be more flexible and less costly than a formal court decision. It will allow the people who are affected by the bankruptcy to be directly involved in deciding how their disagreement will be settled.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Who is the mediator?<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

The mediator may be an employee from one of the Superintendent of Bankruptcy\u2019s Division Offices. It may also be any other person with training and experience in mediation who is approved by the Superintendent.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

What does the mediator do?<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

The mediator\u2019s role is to help the parties communicate. To reach an agreement, all parties must understand what issues are in dispute and what each party wants or needs.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The mediator will help the parties explain their point of view and discuss ways to settle the disagreement. The mediator does not decide what the settlement will be. The parties decide that together.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The mediator explains the mediation process including the procedures for additional meetings (rescheduling and adjournment). The mediator is not allowed to act as a legal counsel to any party involved in the mediation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

What is the trustee\u2019s role in <\/span>the mediation?<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

The trustee\u2019s role is to provide guidance to people who are affected by the bankruptcy.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Who may attend the mediation session?<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

The bankrupt, the trustee and the mediator will be present. In addition, the following people may attend:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d8<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>any creditor who has requested mediation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d8<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>the bankrupt\u2019s spouse or a friend<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d8<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>legal counsel for any of the parties.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The parties present at the mediation session should have signing authority and bring all pertinent documentation.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

When can mediation be used to resolve disputes?<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Mediation is available to resolve two kinds of disputes:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1. Disagreements over the amount of money the bankrupt will pay to creditors (called surplus income).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2. Disagreements regarding the conditions for a bankrupt to be declared free from the status of being bankrupt (called a discharge from bankruptcy).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1. Surplus Income Mediation<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

At the beginning of the bankruptcy, the trustee determines the amount, if any, that the bankrupt will be required to pay to creditors. This amount is called surplus income. The trustee sets the amount by taking into account:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d8<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>the standards issued by the Superintendent of Bankruptcy, and<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d8<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>the bankrupt\u2019s personal and family situation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Who can request surplus income mediation?<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d8<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>If the bankrupt <\/strong>does not agree with the amount of surplus income to be paid, the trustee must request mediation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d8<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>If any of the creditors <\/strong>do not agree with the amount of surplus income to be paid, they may submit a written request to the trustee asking for mediation.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Who will be considered for surplus income mediation?<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d8<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>Surplus income mediation is available to a first-time bankrupt or multiple-time bankrupt.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

2. Discharge Mediation<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Towards the end of a bankruptcy, the trustee must recommend whether or not the bankrupt should be declared free from the state of being bankrupt (called a discharge from bankruptcy). The conditions of the discharge, if any, will be based on the bankrupt\u2019s conduct and ability to make payments.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Who can request discharge mediation?<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

n The bankrupt <\/strong>may request mediation if he or she disagrees with the conditions that the trustee has recommended for discharge.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d8<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>The trustee <\/strong>must request mediation if he or she opposes the bankrupt\u2019s discharge because:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

v<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>the bankrupt did not pay the agreed amount of surplus income<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

v<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>the bankrupt filed for bankruptcy instead of proposing a viable repayment plan (called a proposal).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d8<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>The creditors <\/strong>may request mediation if they oppose the bankrupt\u2019s discharge because:<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

v<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>the bankrupt did not pay the agreed amount of surplus income<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

v<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>the bankrupt filed for bankruptcy instead of proposing a viable repayment plan (called a proposal).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d8<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>The trustee must request mediation when creditors oppose the bankrupt\u2019s discharge.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Who will be considered for discharge mediation?<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d8<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/span><\/span><\/span>Discharge mediation is only available for a first-time bankrupt.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

What happens if the parties agree?<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

The mediation is successful when all the parties will reach an agreement. A<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cMediation settlement agreement\u201d will be signed by all parties. The bankrupt will be required to comply with all provisions of the agreement.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

What happens if the parties cannot <\/span>agree?<\/span><\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Surplus income mediation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u00a0<\/span>If the parties do not reach an agreement over surplus income, the trustee may apply to court to decide the matter. However, the trustee must apply to court, if he or she is requested to do so by a creditor or by officials from the Office of the Superintendent of Bankruptcy.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    2. Discharge mediation<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    If the parties do not reach an agreement over conditions for the bankrupt\u2019s discharge, the trustee must apply to court as soon as possible to have the matter decided.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Oosb.ic.gc.ca<\/span><\/p>\n

    Canada<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00a9 Her Majesty the Queen in Right of <\/span>Canada<\/span> (Industry <\/span>Canada<\/span>) 1998<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    Cat. No. RG64-9\/1998<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    ISBN 0-662-63458-6<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    51858B<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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